{
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  "@type": "article",
  "@id": "https://anchorfact.org/kb/autonomous-driving-ai",
  "headline": "End-to-End Autonomous Driving: Tesla FSD, Waymo, and Imitation Learning",
  "description": "Autonomous driving is shifting from modular pipelines to end-to-end neural approaches. Tesla FSD V12 replaced 300K+ lines of hand-written code with a neural network; Waymo EMMA unifies perception and planning via multimodal models.",
  "dateCreated": "2026-05-24T02:49:13.582Z",
  "dateModified": "2026-05-24",
  "author": {
    "@type": "Organization",
    "name": "AnchorFact"
  },
  "publisher": {
    "@type": "Organization",
    "name": "AnchorFact",
    "url": "https://anchorfact.org"
  },
  "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "anchorfact:confidence": "high",
  "anchorfact:generationMethod": "ai_assisted",
  "citation": [
    {
      "@type": "CreativeWork",
      "name": "EMMA: End-to-End Multimodal Model for Autonomous Driving",
      "sameAs": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.23262"
    },
    {
      "@type": "CreativeWork",
      "name": "A Survey of End-to-End Driving: Architectures and Methods",
      "sameAs": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.01774"
    }
  ]
}