Operating Systems: Processes, Memory, and File Systems

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## TL;DR
Operating systems concepts include processes, memory virtualization, concurrency, scheduling, files, directories, persistence, and protection. A useful beginner model is that the OS provides abstractions over CPU, memory, and storage resources.

## Core Explanation
A process is the OS abstraction for a running program. Virtual memory gives each process an address-space abstraction rather than direct unmanaged access to physical memory. File and directory abstractions organize persistent storage so applications can read, write, name, and locate data without controlling raw devices directly.

## Further Reading

- [OSTEP: processes](https://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~remzi/OSTEP/cpu-intro.pdf)
- [OSTEP: address spaces](https://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~remzi/OSTEP/vm-intro.pdf)
- [OSTEP: files and directories](https://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~remzi/OSTEP/file-intro.pdf)