Mediterranean Sea: Physical Geography, Biodiversity, and Marine Protected Areas

Status: draft · Confidence: medium (0.625) · Basis: verified_sources

Quality notes: placeholder_content, generic_source_homepage

## TL;DR

Mediterranean: largest enclosed sea (2.5M km²), 22 bordering countries. Water renewal takes 80-100 years. 17,000+ marine species (7% endemic). World's most overfished sea (75% stocks overexploited). Formed 5.33 Mya by Zanclean megaflood.

## Core Explanation

Strait of Gibraltar: 14.3 km wide, Atlantic inflow ~1 Sv. Sub-basins: Western, Central, Eastern. Posidonia seagrass: 100,000-year-old clones. Lessepsian migration: 1,000+ Red Sea species via Suez Canal, 100+ invasive. MPAs: 9.7% designated, 0.04% fully protected. Warming 20% faster than global ocean. Barcelona Convention since 1976.

## Detailed Analysis

[待后续补充。]

## Further Reading

- [Source 1 — Mediterranean Sea: Physical Geography, Biodiversity, and Marine Protected Areas](https://www.iucn.org/)

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