# Inca Empire
Confidence: high
Last verified: 2026-05-22
Generation: ai_assisted


## TL;DR

The Inca Empire (1438-1533) was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America, stretching along the Andes from Colombia to Chile. Engineering marvels: Machu Picchu, 40,000 km of roads (Qhapaq Ñan), terraced agriculture. No wheel, no writing system (used quipu: knotted strings for records). Conquered by Francisco Pizarro (1532).

## Core Explanation

Cusco: capital, 'navel of the world.' Government: highly centralized, labor tax (mit'a), storehouse system for food security. Terrace farming: adapted to steep Andean terrain. Rope bridges spanned canyons. Smallpox arrived before Pizarro (1526), killing emperor Huayna Capac → civil war → easy Spanish conquest. Atahualpa: last Inca emperor, executed by Pizarro.

## Further Reading

- [The Last Days of the Incas (Kim MacQuarrie)](https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/The-Last-Days-of-the-Incas/Kim-MacQuarrie/9780743260503)